Effect of different strategies for excluding duplicate cultures on the correlation between hospital resistance rates and antibiotic consumption.

INTRODUCTION: Studies may underestimate the impact of antibiotics on bacterial resistance when correlating hospital antibiotic use with resistance rates (RRs) that exclude duplicate cultures as duplicates usually include more resistant isolates. Comparing correlations between antibiotic consumption and RRs resulting from different strategies for excluding duplicates could help explore how their exclusion affects such correlations. METHODS: We obtained antibiotics consumption and Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptibility data from 2017 to 2021 for seven antibiotics and for carbapenems as a group in a university hospital. We calculated RRs using seven different time criteria for excluding duplicates. We assessed the correlations of antibiotic consumption to the same-year and next-year RR rates for the three most distinct rates. RESULTS: Duplicate cultures represented 53.45% of total cultures. RRs were higher when duplicates were included. We compared RRs resulting from excluding all duplicates, excluding duplicates monthly or admitting one culture per day. All antibiotics except meropenem showed a correlation with same-year RRs, either positive or negative, whereas all antibiotics showed a positive correlation with next-year RRs. For same-year and next-year correlations, the criteria with fewer duplicates (and therefore fewer resistant strains) found more correlations. However, the inclusion of duplicates taken at least 1 month apart found the most correlations. Admitting one culture per day found the fewest correlations. CONCLUSIONS: Excluding duplicates from RRs affects the correlation of antibiotics consumption with RRs in P. aeruginosa. Including at least some duplicate cultures in correlation analyses, such as those taken 1 month apart, should be considered.

Estudio exploratorio: relación entre nivel de pobreza y exposiciones agudas a sustancias potencialmente tóxicas en Chile / Exploratory study: Association between the poverty level and acute exposures to potentially toxic substances in Chile

Objetivo: explorar la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿De qué manera el nivel socioeconómico de una persona, específicamente el nivel de pobreza se asocia a las características de las exposiciones agudas a sustancias con potencial tóxico en Chile? Métodos: estudio epidemiológico, de diseño transversal y semi-ecológico. Se recopiló información proveniente de una muestra de casos atendidos por el Centro de información toxicológica y de medicamentos de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CITUC). La variable independiente corresponde al índice de pobreza comunal de la Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional (CASEN). Las variables dependientes fueron las características de las exposiciones registradas por el centro toxicológico de acuerdo con el nivel de pobreza de los casos observados. Se analizó el fenómeno a través de tablas cruzadas, cálculo de Odds Ratio con análisis estratificado. Resultados: se observan diferencias significativas en las circunstancias de las exposiciones: las personas que viven en comunas con mayor porcentaje de pobreza muestran más exposiciones intencionales versus aquellas con menor porcentaje de pobreza. Otro hallazgo significativo es el uso del sistema de salud en casos de exposiciones dependiente de la situación socioeconómica. Para las otras variables no se encuentran diferencias significativas entre los grupos comparados. Conclusio-nes: se observa una relación entre el nivel de pobreza y las exposiciones a sustancias potencialmente tóxicas. Los resultados abren una línea investigativa y nuevas interrogantes que podrían generar medidas de control de las intoxicaciones en Chile.Palabras clave:toxicología; exposición a compuestos químicos; envenenamiento; determinantes sociales de la saludAbstractObjective: explore the following research question: How is a person's socio-economic level, the poverty, associated with the characteristics of acute exposures to substances with toxic potential in Chile?. Methods: epidemiological, cross-sectional and semi-ecological study. Information collected from a sample of cases attended by the Centre for Toxicological and Drug Information of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile (CITUC). The independent variable corresponds to the communal poverty index of the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey. Dependent variables were the characteristics of the exposures recorded by the toxicological center according to the poverty level of the cases observed. The phenomenon is analyzed through cross-tables, calculating Odds Ratios with stratified analysis. Results: significant differences observed in the circumstances of exposures: people living in communes with higher poverty rates show more intentional exposures versus those with lower poverty rates. Another significant finding is the use of the health system in cases of exposures, depending on the socio-economic situation. For the other variables, there are no significant differences between the compared groups. Conclusions: there is a link between the poverty level and acute exposures to potentially toxic substances. The results open a research line and new questions that could generate measures to control poisonings in Chile.Keywords:poisoning; social determinants of health; poverty(1) Centro de Información Toxicológica y de Medicamentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.(2) Unidad docente de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.(3) Departamento de Salud del Adulto y Senescente, Escuela de Enfermería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.(4) Departamento de Laboratorios Clínicos, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.(5) Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.Autor de correspondencia: Juan Carlos Ríos jriosb@uc.clFecha de envío: 19 de agosto de 2019 - Fecha de aceptación: 26 de diciembre de 2019

Home parenteral nutrition in pediatric patients with intestinal insufficiency. / Nutrición parenteral domiciliaria en pacientes pediátricos con insuficiencia intestinal.

INTRODUCTION: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) has been shown to offer important benefits for pa tients and the health system. In Chile, the number of patients who are receiving this type of treatment or who could be candidates for it is unknown. Objetive: To determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of patients with intestinal insufficiency (II) currently receiving HPN or who are can didates for it. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Cross-sectional descriptive study which included patients aged between 0 to 18 years with diagnosis of II who were receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) for over three months, either at home or in the hospital, with a stable clinical situation and a long-term venous catheter (CVC). Through a digitalized survey, the following variables were collected and studied: gender, birth history, indication to initiate parenteral nutritional support, age of initiation of PN, type of CVC, frequency of PN, nutritional status and feeding in the last control and complications as sociated with the use of PN. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS Statistics Software, Version 21, Macintosh. The descriptive analysis considered frequency analysis and central trend measures. The Chi-square and Fisher tests were used for comparison of proportions. RESULTS: Data from 46 patients were recorded. The average age was 55.5 months. The main indication for initiating the PN was the decrease of the intestinal surface (78.3%). 63% of the patients were hospitalized. No signi ficant differences were found between the place of treatment and the nutritional status and catheter infections variables in the last year. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of patients with long-term PN and their clinical characteristics were identified. No differences were found to support the administration of this treatment in the hospital over the home. Public policies must be developed to guarantee the option of receiving this treatment at home.

Nutrición parenteral domiciliaria en pacientes pediátricos con insuficiencia intestinal / Home parenteral nutrition in pediatric patients with intestinal insufficiency

INTRODUCCIÓN: La Nutrición Parenteral Domiciliaria (NPD) ha demostrado ofrecer importantes be neficios para los pacientes y el sistema de salud. En Chile se desconoce el número de pacientes que se encuentran recibiendo esta modalidad de tratamiento o que podrían ser candidatos a ella. OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia y características clínicas de pacientes con Insuficiencia Intestinal (II) que reciben actualmente NPD o que son candidatos a esta. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo transversal que incluyó pacientes de 0 a 18 años, con diagnóstico de II que se encontraban recibiendo NP por un tiempo superior a 3 meses en el domicilio, o en el hospital con situación clínica estable y con catéter venoso de larga duración (CVC). A través de una encuesta digitalizada se recolectaron y estudiaron las variables: sexo, antecedentes de nacimiento, indicación para iniciar soporte nutricional parenteral, edad de inicio de NP, tipo de CVC utilizado, frecuencia de NP, estado nutricional, alimentación al último control y complicaciones asociadas al uso de NP. Se utilizó el Programa SPSS Statistics, Versión 21, Macintosh, para el análisis de los datos. El análisis descriptivo consideró análisis de frecuencia y medidas de tendencia central. La prueba de Chi cuadrado y de Fisher se usaron para la comparación de proporciones. RESULTADOS: Se registraron datos de 46 pacientes, cuya edad promedio fue de 55,5 meses. La principal indicación para iniciar la Nutrición Parenteral (NP) fue la disminución de la superficie intestinal (78,3%.). El 63% de los pacientes se encontraba hospitalizado. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el lugar de tratamiento y las variables estado nutricional e infecciones de catéter en el último año. CONCLUSIONES: Se identificó la prevalencia de pacientes con NP prolongada y sus características clínicas. No se encontraron diferencias que respalden la entrega de este tratamiento en el hospital por sobre el domicilio. Es necesario desarrollar políticas públicas que garanticen la opción de recibir este tratamiento en el domicilio.

INTRODUCTION: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) has been shown to offer important benefits for pa tients and the health system. In Chile, the number of patients who are receiving this type of treatment or who could be candidates for it is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of patients with intestinal insufficiency (II) currently receiving HPN or who are can didates for it. PATIENTS Y METHOD: Cross-sectional descriptive study which included patients aged between 0 to 18 years with diagnosis of II who were receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) for over three months, either at home or in the hospital, with a stable clinical situation and a long-term venous catheter (CVC). Through a digitalized survey, the following variables were collected and studied: gender, birth history, indication to initiate parenteral nutritional support, age of initiation of PN, type of CVC, frequency of PN, nutritional status and feeding in the last control and complications as sociated with the use of PN. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS Statistics Software, Version 21, Macintosh. The descriptive analysis considered frequency analysis and central trend measures. The Chi-square and Fisher tests were used for comparison of proportions. RESULTS: Data from 46 patients were recorded. The average age was 55.5 months. The main indication for initiating the PN was the decrease of the intestinal surface (78.3%). 63% of the patients were hospitalized. No significant differences were found between the place of treatment and the nutritional status and catheter infections variables in the last year. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of patients with long-term PN and their clinical characteristics were identified. No differences were found to support the administration of this treatment in the hospital over the home. Public policies must be developed to guarantee the option of receiving this treatment at home.

Morbimortalidad hospitalaria en niños con síndrome de Down / Hospital morbidity and mortality in children with Down's syndrome: experience in a university hospital in Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN Los niños con síndrome de Down (SD) tienen mayor frecuencia de malformaciones congénitas y de enfermedades con riesgo de hospitalización en comparación con la población general. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar las estancias hospitalarias de niños con SD. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO Estudio retrospectivo en niños con SD menores de 15 años atendidos en el Servicio de Pediatría del Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, durante los años 2008-2011. RESULTADOS De los 222 egresos hospitalarios de 161 niños con SD, 110 correspondieron a mujeres, con una mediana de edad de 8 meses y una mediana de estancia hospitalaria de 6 días. El 56,7% ingresó en la unidad de pacientes críticos. El 59,4% de los egresos fue por corrección quirúrgica de su cardiopatía congénita. La infección respiratoria aguda baja fue el principal diagnóstico de egreso por causa no cardioquirúrgica. Hubo 3 fallecidos en la serie. CONCLUSIONES Los niños con SD son un grupo relevante para los cuidados hospitalarios, no solo por su alta incidencia en Chile, sino por ser un grupo de riesgo respiratorio y cardiovascular, con hospitalizaciones prolongadas, alta frecuencia de estancia en cuidados críticos y riesgo de mortalidad. Este grupo de niños necesita cuidados complejos y su atención requiere de un equipo multidisciplinario que conozca sus características particulares.

INTRODUCTION Children with Down's syndrome (DS) have a higher risk of congenital malformations and acute diseases, with increased risk of hospital admissions compared with the general population. This study describes patterns of hospital admissions for children and adolescents with DS. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective study of hospital admissions of children with DS, younger than 15 years old, and cared for by the Paediatric Department of the Hospital Clínico Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, between 2008 and 2011. RESULTS There were 222 admissions of 161 patients with DS during the study period, of which 110 were girls. The median age was 8 months, and the median hospital stay was 6 days. Just over half (56.7%) of the hospital stays were in the Paediatric Critic Care Unit. Heart surgery was performed on 59.4%, and the principal congenital heart defect attended was atrioventricular canal. The principal diagnosis, other than heart surgery, was lower respiratory tract infection. In this series, 3 children died. CONCLUSIONS Children with DS are a relevant group for inpatient care, because their high incidence in Chile, their respiratory and cardiovascular risk, prolonged hospitalizations, high frequency of critical care days and mortality risk. This group has special and complex needs during their hospitalizations and it is necessary to create a multidisciplinary team with competences to take care the particular characteristics of this vulnerable group.

[Hospital morbidity and mortality in children with Down's syndrome: Experience in a university hospital in Chile]. / Morbimortalidad hospitalaria en niños con síndrome de Down.

INTRODUCTION: Children with Down's syndrome (DS) have a higher risk of congenital malformations and acute diseases, with increased risk of hospital admissions compared with the general population. This study describes patterns of hospital admissions for children and adolescents with DS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of hospital admissions of children with DS, younger than 15 years old, and cared for by the Paediatric Department of the Hospital Clínico Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, between 2008 and 2011. RESULTS: There were 222 admissions of 161 patients with DS during the study period, of which 110 were girls. The median age was 8 months, and the median hospital stay was 6 days. Just over half (56.7%) of the hospital stays were in the Paediatric Critic Care Unit. Heart surgery was performed on 59.4%, and the principal congenital heart defect attended was atrioventricular canal. The principal diagnosis, other than heart surgery, was lower respiratory tract infection. In this series, 3 children died. CONCLUSIONS: Children with DS are a relevant group for inpatient care, because their high incidence in Chile, their respiratory and cardiovascular risk, prolonged hospitalizations, high frequency of critical care days and mortality risk. This group has special and complex needs during their hospitalizations and it is necessary to create a multidisciplinary team with competences to take care the particular characteristics of this vulnerable group.